The Local Impact of Banking Biodiversity (IRIS - Institutional Research Information System (Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli))

Summary

• In the United States, individual private credit loans typically range between $10 and $500 million, with total volume surpassing $1.2 trillion.p.11
• In Germany, the VZB pension fund suffered a loss of €1.1 billion on private credit investments, representing half of its asset value.p.13
• In Italy, small and medium banks (PMBI) direct 83% of their loans to urban centers and 16.7% to inland areas, securing a 45.3% market share in inland territories.p.29
• Global trade volume exceeded $35 trillion in 2025 according to UNCTAD data, representing a 7% increase compared to 2024.p.43
• The euro accounts for approximately 20% of global foreign exchange reserves, compared to a 58% share held by the US dollar.p.53
• China holds 33.8% of global rare earth mineral resources and controls approximately 70% of total worldwide production.p.56

Key insights

1. Apollo Global Management projects that the private credit market in the United States will eventually grow to $40 trillion.p.11
2. Combined European and US bank exposure to shadow banking entities has exceeded 5 times their aggregate equity value.p.16
3. Private credit investments represent about 35% of total assets for US insurance companies and nearly a quarter for UK insurers.p.19
4. Small and medium Italian banks reinvest virtually all collected local deposits into direct lending within their reference territories.p.28
5. Between 20-30% of dollar-linked trading contracts were converted into euro during the first half of 2025.p.53
6. Global rare earth mineral reserves remain heavily concentrated, with Brazil possessing 16.2% and India holding 5.3%.p.56