Digital Business Ecosystem Vulnerability in Africa: A Multi-Method Analysis of Economic Scale and Cyber-Loss Exposure
Internet penetration in Africa rose from 28% in 2019 to over 44% in 2024, while mobile money users surpassed 700 million.
Chainalysis
Company · 3 documents
Key number
USD 6.30–6.43 billion
Binance breach estimated gross loss. OpenAlex (recherche mondiale) p.1
Key number
USD 6.3 billion USD
Binance estimated unauthorized outflows. OpenAlex (recherche mondiale) p.5
The Asymmetric Attack Surface of Fiat Substitutes: A Measurement Framework and Owner-Bound Offline Custody Architecture
In 2019, Federal Bureau of Investigation data recorded USD 1.424 billion in reported stolen currency and USD 36.981 million recovered relative to USD 1.7598 trillion of U.S. currency in circulation.
Stablenotes v1 Whitepaper — Owner-Bound Offline Transaction Authorization for Stablecoins and Tokenized Assets
The 29 October 2026 Binance incident resulted in an estimated USD 6.3 billion in unauthorized hot-wallet outflows with initial findings showing no evidence of a private-key leak.