Unified Payment Interface: Towards Greater Cyber Sovereignty
In June 2020, UPI recorded more than 1.34 billion transactions amounting to almost US$35 billion.
Federal Reserve
Central bank · UN · 14 documents
Key number
1.34 billion transactions
June 2020 UPI transaction volume. OpenAlex (recherche mondiale) p.2
Key number
over $300 billion USD
Global Stablecoin Market Capitalization. OpenAlex (recherche mondiale) p.2
Key number
USD 6.30–6.43 billion
Binance breach estimated gross loss. OpenAlex (recherche mondiale) p.1
Strategic Analysis of Global Trade Settlement, Sanctions Enforcement, Alternative Sovereign Rails, and On-Chain Liquidity Infrastructure
Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) daily usage was reported at about $60 billion compared to about $1,800 billion a day for CHIPS, with about 80 percent of CIPS payments still using Swift messaging.
Stablecoin Depegging, Financial Intermediary Balance Sheet Constraints, and Liquidity in the U.S. Traditional Money Market
By end-2025, the global stablecoin market grew from approximately $25 billion in 2020 to over $300 billion.
Deep-π*: A Neural Network Estimate of Trend Inflation
Deep-π* models trend inflation by mapping 122 macroeconomic indicators through neural networks into trend innovations, eliminating latent random-walk shocks and enabling exact Shapley attribution.
Debt maturity and government spending multipliers
Empirical analysis of post-war US data demonstrates that government spending shocks financed with short-term debt yield significantly higher output multipliers than those financed with long-term debt, typically exceeding unity under short-term financing.
The Asymmetric Attack Surface of Fiat Substitutes: A Measurement Framework and Owner-Bound Offline Custody Architecture
In 2019, Federal Bureau of Investigation data recorded USD 1.424 billion in reported stolen currency and USD 36.981 million recovered relative to USD 1.7598 trillion of U.S. currency in circulation.
Regulatory and Supervisory Modernisation Principles: Consultation Report
A stocktake conducted by the FSB gathered 126 modernisation efforts from 24 jurisdictions and 3 SSBs across various financial sectors and entity types.
Monetary Scoreboard Dublin
The aggregate monetary base of OECD countries increased from $2.5 trillion in 2000 to a peak of $25 trillion in March 2022.
Regulatory Update Dublin - September 2026
Stock markets remained calm after the start of the conflict in Iran on February 28, 2026, with the S&P 500 gaining a maximum increase of 7% on May 10, 2026.
Banking Barometer 2026
In 2025, real growth of the Swiss economy reached 1.5%, remaining below its multi-year average.
European bank competitiveness: Enabling banks to play a greater role financing European growth
Europe requires an estimated additional annual investment of approximately €1.4 trillion, equivalent to around 7% of GDP, to finance its growth, digital, energy, defence, and transition goals.
The Impact of Central Bank Digital Currency on Payments Competition
Over 90 percent of surveyed central banks are engaged in some form of CBDC work, with more than half involved in experiments or pilot projects.
Central Bank Exploration of Tokenized Reserves
The note categorizes single-ledger arrangements into 4 operating models: integration, distribution, separation, and permissionless.
Banking Barometer 2025
In 2024, Swiss real gross domestic product (GDP) growth slowed to 1,0 %, while the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) forecasts a slight recovery to 1,3 % for 2025.