European Securities and Markets Authority

Regulator · 2 documents

Key number

10 to 16 percentage points

Average stock recommendation swing across LLMs. OpenAlex (recherche mondiale) p.1

Key number

1.2 trillion EUR

EU Taxonomy-aligned CapEx since 2022. European Commission DG FISMA p.3

Same Person, Different Advice: Auditing LLM Financial Advice with Repeated Risk-Tolerance Responses

Research paperOpenAlex (recherche mondiale)October 202623 pages

Across 800 real household profiles where only the risk answer changed, seven large language models shifted recommended stock allocations by 10 to 16 percentage points on average.

Monitoring of Capital Flows to Sustainable Investments

ReportEuropean Commission DG FISMAOctober 202677 pages

In 2025, large European companies invested EUR 512 billion in green and transition assets, representing 21% of overall corporate investment in the European Union.